Phase-controlled universal ballast for discharge devices

ABSTRACT

Apparatus for ballasting any of a plurality of discharge devices having varying voltage and current operating characteristics in order to operate a discharge device at about a predetermined wattage rating. A ballasting impedance limits the maximum current through the operating device and a semiconductor switch is closed in response to a triggering signal to vary the average wattage consumed by an operating device. The circuit includes a solidstate wattmeter having an input portion which develops a signal which is proportional to the current drawn by an operating device, as well as a signal which is proportional to the voltage drop across an operating device. These signals are combined to generate a signal which represents the logarithm of their product. The logarithmic signal is then converted into an antilogarithmic signal which in turn is averaged. The resulting averaged signal controls the triggering of the semiconductor switch to maintain the wattage input to an operating device at about its predetermined desired value.

United States Patent [72] Inventors Joseph C. Engel; 3,265,930 8/l966 Powell Jr .7 315/209 Robert Elms both of Pmsburgh' Primary Examiner-Raymond F. Hossfeld [21 P 807'659 Attorneys-A T. Stratton and W. D. Palmer [22} Filed Mar. 17, 1969 [45) Patented June 29,197! gn Westinghouse Electric Corporation ABSTRACT: Apparatus for ballasting any of a plurality of Plusburgh, discharge devices having varying voltage and current operating characteristics in order to Operate a discharge device at about a predetermined wattage rating. A ballasting impedance limits the maximum current through the operating device and [54] PHASBCONTROLLED UNWERSAL BALLAST a senliiconductolr switch is closed in respongebto a triggering FOR DISCHARGE DEVICES sign a torillary t eaveraligg wattagledconsume y an l(:pe ratmg w Claims, 21 Drawing Figs device. e circuit me u es a 50 1 state wat tmeter avmg an input portion WhlCh develops a signal which is proportional to [52] US. Cl 315/209 R, the current drawn by an operating device, as well as a signal 315/308, 3 4/142 which is proportional to the voltage drop across an operating [51] Int. Cl H05b 37/02 device. These signals are combined to generate a signal which Field Search. 315/209, represents the logarithm of their product. The logarithmic 7, 324/142 signal is then converted into an antilogarithmic signal which in 56 turn is averaged. The resulting averaged signal controls the l ,Reerences cued triggering of the semiconductor switch to maintain the UNITED STATES PATENTS wattage input to an operating device at about its predeter- 3,226,641 12/1965 Miller 324/142 mined desired u SYNC CIRCUIT.

LOW VOLTAGE L POWE R SU P P LY Ac H PHOTO CONTROL INPUT POWER 7 CIRCUITRY PULSE X k RECYCLER PE AK LAMP L CURRENT He LOGIC GATE REGULATOR DRIVE L) TRANSISTORIZED WAT TM ET E R PATENTEUJUNZQIS?! 3590,3316

sum 1 (1F 8 l SYNC CIRCUIT Low VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY L AC LINE INPUT V PHOTO CONTROL POWER A CIRCUITRY PULSE A X RECYCLER PEAK LAMP CURRENT LOGIC GATE REGULATOR DRIVE A TRANSISTORIZED WATTMETER +400 LINE VOLTAGE +2oo LAMP VOLTAGE 3 0 TIME -2oo FIG. 3.

v, TO TOP OF LAMP BOTTOM n? 3v 0F LAMP IL FIG. 4

02 TOP CF AC SWITCH la} CR3 v P15 TO BASE AND COLLECTOR To EM OF Q8 COLLECTOR wumessas: INVENTORS Joseph C. Engel and i? %%W Robert T. Elms.

PATENTEU JUHZS'IQH 3. 590 3 1 6 SHEET 6 BF 8 NO GATE PULSES O l l I o I 2 I 3 4 5 I0 mo. FIG. 9. 0 2 n u 6 8 I0 AC SWITCH OFF TIME IN MS To CATHQDE T0 COLLECTOR OF Q +|ev OF CR6 v RI? 4 CR R30 TO COLLECTOR D2 OF Q3 T0 020 FIG. I2. CRII -oc0 LE Ql2 1 g FIG. l3.

CRIZ

PHASE-CONTROLLED UNIVERSAL BALLAST FOR DISCHARGE DEVICES CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS In copending application Ser. No. 807,710, filed concurrently herewith by Joseph C. Engel, Robert T. Elms and George A. Kappenhagen, and owned by the present assignee, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,519,881 is disclosed a starting and operating apparatus which facilitates starting and operation of discharge lamps having different starting and operating characteristics. This apparatus applies to the lamp a very high voltage pulse, which is followed by an intermediate voltage, high energy pulse. Such an apparatus is particularly adapted to be used in conjunction with the apparatus of the present invention.

ln copending application Ser. No. 8.07, 71 l, filed concurrently herewith, by Joseph C. Engel, and owned by the present assignee, and now abandoned is disclosed a solid-state photocontrol apparatus which eliminates the use of movable contacts which are subject to wear and failure. Such a photocontrol apparatus is particularly adapted to be used in conjunction with the apparatus of the present invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The usual discharge device operates with a negative voltampere characteristic and some form of current limiting ballasting is required to prevent a runaway discharge. In recent years there have been developed several new types of discharge devices which have achieved some limited commercial success for applications such as outdoor flood lighting and similar uses, and these discharge devices have promise for use in interior lighting. Such devices are commercially marketed under various trade designations, but broadly can be categorized as mercury-metal halide, high-pressure, discharge devices and sodium or mercury-sodium discharge devices which utilize a light-transmitting refractory envelope formed of polycrystalline alumina or similar material. Various combinations of such devices are also known. These devices, together with the well-known high-pressure mercury-vapor discharge devices, are used for high-bay factory. lighting, highway and floodlighting, and stadium lighting to name a few of the applications.

One of the problems with the use of such discharge lamps is that each type has different voltage and operating characteristics, even though the wattage ratings might be the same. The effect of this is that each type of lamp requires a different ballast which is specially tailored to start and operate the lamp. The problem is further complicated by the fact that in the field of mercury-metal halide lamps, a myriad of different metal-halide additives can be used to achieve different illumination effects, and each different combination of metal halide additives often changes the lamp starting and operating characteristics sufficiently to require a different lamp starting and operating ballast. Since the ballast represents a substantial portion of cost of the fixture, once the user is committed to one specific type of lamp, he cannot readily change lamp types without incurring substantial expense in changing the lamp starting and operating ballast.

It is known in the art to ballast a discharge device by actuating a bilateral switch to vary the input to a lamp so that the average lamp input is maintained at about a predetermined value. Such an apparatus is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,222,572 dated Dec. 7, i965. in this disclosed apparatus, the bilateral switch is actuated by sensing a lamp operating condition, such as current or brightness. Such an apparatus is designed to be operable with only one specific type of lamp which has predetermined voltage and current and operating characteristics. A circuit which functions in a generally similar fashion is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,265,930 dated Aug. 9, 1966.

ln U.S. Pat. No. 2,486,068 dated Oct. 25, 1949 is described a'tube-type wattmeter as well as a circuit which can effect multiplication and division of independent quantities. More recently, semiconductor circuits which function in a similar fashion have been disclosed in U.S. Pats. Nos. 3,152,250 dated Oct. 6, 1954 and 3,197,626 dated July 27, 1965.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is thegeneral object of the invention to provide a ballast apparatus for starting and operating any. of a plurality of discharge devices having varying voltage and current operating characteristics.

It is another object to provide a ballast apparatus whichcan be readily and easily modified to operate lamps having different wattage ratings, as well and varying voltage and current .operating characteristics.

It is a further object to provide a ballast apparatus which is readily adapted to have a solid-state photocontrol operate in conjunction therewith.

It is an additional object to provide a ballast apparatus which is independent of line voltage variations and which continuously monitors lamp wattage and regulates the average lamp power in a closed loop system.

It is yet another object to provide a ballast apparatus which is of solid-state design and can supply a lamp voltage in excess of instantaneous line voltage to facilitate operation of different types of lamps.

It is still another object to provide a solid-state universal type of ballast which regulates lamp current to a maximum permissible value during the lamp warmup to limit the warmup time required.

The foregoing objects of the invention, and other objects which will become apparent as the description proceeds, are achieved by providing a ballast apparatus which comprises an impedance means, preferably an inductonconnected between the input terminals and output terminals of the apparatus, along with a semiconductor switch. The switchis responsive to a control signal to close and the relative proportion of time the switch is closed determines the average wattage consumed by an operating lamp which is connected across the output terminals. A solid-state-wattmeter has a voltage-responsive input portion which continuously generates a varying signal which is proportional to the voltage developed across the operating lamp, and the wattmeter also has a current-responsive input portion which continuously generates a varying signal which is proportional to the current through the operating lamp. These signals are combined to produce a signal which is proportional to the logarithm of their product. The logarithmic signal is then converted to a varying signal which varies in accordance with the antilogarithm of the logarithmic signal and the antilogarithmic signal is then averaged to provide a composite signal which varies in accordance with the average wattage consumed by the operating lamp. This averaged composite signal actuates a control signal generator which in turn actuates the closing of the semiconductor switch in order to maintain the average wattage of the operating lamp at about its predetermined desired value.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the present ballast apparatus; FIGS. 2A and 2B show a detailed comprehensive circuit diagram of the present ballast; 1

FIGS. 2C and 2D correspond to-FIGS. 2A and 28 with the specific values of the circuit components shown;

FIG. 3 is a graphic representation of voltage vs. time setting forth the line voltage and lamp voltage relationships encountered during operating conditions;

FIG 5 IS a circuit diagram of the current-responsive input portion of the semiconductor wattmeter portion of the apparatus with the various current relationships shown thereon.

FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of the constant current generator used to provide a constant current signal for use with the semiconductor wattmeter,

FIG 7 is a circuit diagram of the multiplier section of the wattmeter wherein the varying current signal and varying voltage signal are multiplied and then averaged;

FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of the logic and timing circuit which constitutes a part of the control signal generating means for triggering the semiconductor switching means;

FIG. 9 is a graph of voltage vs. both current and time illustrating the phase sequence relationships used to trigger the semiconductor switch;

FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of the gate drive portion of the signal generating means which controls the switching means;

FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram of the zero voltage reset which operates with the logic and timing circuit to insure that the AC switch is turned off at the start of each half cycle;

H6. 12 is a circuit diagram of the lamp warmup current regulator;

FIG. 13 is a circuit diagram of the solid-state photocontrol which is particularly adapted to be operated with the present ballast;

FIGS. 14A and 14B are graphs of the ballast operating characteristics wherein voltage and current relationships are plotted vs. time showing the operation with the photocontrol actuated and the photocontrol not actuated;

FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram of the high voltage pulse recycler used to start a sodium-mercury high-pressure discharge device;

FIG. 16 is a graph of voltage vs. time setting forth the various relationships present when starting a sodium-mercury high-pressure discharge lamp from the present apparatus; and

FIG. 17 is a circuit diagram of the low-voltage regulator of the present apparatus.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT As noted hereinbefore, present conventional ballasting techniques for controlling present day high-pressure vapor lamps require a specially designed ballast for each type of lamp. The ballast of the present invention will operate all types of such lamps at a predetermined power rating with no changes in the circuitry, with the operation being independent of line voltage variations since the lamp wattage is maintained substantially constant. All that is required is to replace a lamp of one type with a lamp ofa different type and the present ballast will automatically compensate for the different voltage and current operating characteristics. In addition, some types of lamps change their operating characteristics throughout their life. The present ballast automatically compensates for such changes and maintains the desired lamp wattage constant.

The basic block diagram of the present ballast apparatus is shown in FIG. I, and each of the blocks will be explained separately in the following discussion. FIGS. 2A--2D set forth a circuit diagram of the complete ballast and each component thereof will be described in detail. In the diagram in FIGS. 2A-2D, all resistors are 0.5 watt unless otherwise marked, capacitors are 30 volt unless otherwise marked, transistors are NPN 2Nl71l and PNP 2N2905 unless otherwise designated, and diodes are 1N457 unless marked.

POWER CIRCUITRY This circuitry is shown in FIGS. 2A and 2C and comprises a 5A, 600 volt AC switch, S, Cla, C1, C13, C14, R5, R35, L, and L This circuit functions as follows. Because the specific ballast is designed to operate a 400 w. lamp 10 connected across output terminals 12 and 14, from a 210 to 270 volt AC line to which the input terminals 16 and 18 are adapted to be connected, a 5 ampere, 600 switch is used. Inductor L is selected to yield the required lamp current for either the highest voltage lamp at the lowest line or the lowest voltage lamp at the lowest line, whichever produces the lowest value of inductance. This inductor normally will be about 27 ohms at 60 hz.

Resistor R5 and capacitor C 1 are used to limit the rate at which the voltage across the AC switch rises and this prevents dv./dt. turn-on of the AC switch. The switch has a dv./dt. rat- V (N23 number of turns in 2-3 KIT-2 number of turns in 1-2) =V23 Wherem V, instantaneous value of line voltage when AC switch turns on. A representative value for this starting pulse is 2500 volts.

Network C14, L,, L and R35 provide the capability to supply a lamp voltage in excess of the instantaneous line voltage when the AC switch first turns on during lamp operation. In explanation, when the AC switch is first turned on, C14 is at a low voltage due to the discharging action of R35. Thus all the line voltage is applied across L and L If the lamp is not in a low impedance state, L L and C14 form a series LC circuit which is underdamped. Under these circumstances the voltage across C14 can rise to almost twice the instantaneous line voltage, as shown in FIG. 3. This voltage pulse is sufficient to cause an operating lamp to strike each half cycle and go into a low impedance state. This basic operating circuit is described more fully in the aforementioned copending application Ser. No. 807,710, filed concurrently herewith, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,5 19,88 1 C provides power factor correction. Zener diodes D and resistor R protect the AC switch S from excess voltage transients.

TRANSISTORIZED WATTMETER The wattmeter comprises C CR1, CR3, CR5, CR6, CR7, CR81 b D31 Q17 021 Q3, Q6! Q1! Q8 Q9: R1 R21 R3! R41 R R R and R Since the wattmeter is essentially a current operated device, currents proportional to instantaneous lamp current and voltage are provided. The circuit in FIG. 4 provides a current proportional to instantaneous lamp voltage lV l. This circuit constitutes a voltage-responsive wattmeter input portion which continuously generates a varying signal which is proportional to the varying voltage developed across the lamp 10 as operated. By way of further explanation, when V is positive I is equal to I and both are proportional to V,/(R +R Under these conditions, CR3 is forward-biased and both 0, and Q are in a nonconducting state. When V, is negative I is equal to -V,/(R +R which is equal to Wii /(R +R since V|=|V1| at this time. Since Q has a high beta, 1 is equal to I Current I equals since the diode drop of CR1 cancels out the emitter-base junction drop of Q Also, I is equal to l since CR3 is now reverse-biased. Thus, for negative values of V 1 is equal to [V]! X 1) 1| adae 2 adae since R,=R .Asaresult, w

I Wii 2 s-lae for all values of V, and when the AC switch S is conducting, V,=Alamp. Thus the circuit as shown in FIG. 4 is essentially a full wave rectifier wherein I is proportional to the magnitude of V wherein V represents the instantaneous voltage drop across the operating lamp 10.

Current proportional to load current is provided by the circuit shown in FIG. 5. This circuit comprises a current-responsive wattmeter input portion which continuously generates a varying signal which is proportional to the varying current (I through an operating lamp I0.

Current transformer T steps down the load current such that I, /l00. Diode bridge CR5, CR6, CR7 and CR8 full wave rectify I, so that II 1- Components CR9, 0,, R and R form a current divider. The result is that I, is equal to when the voltage across CR9 cancels the voltage across the base-emitter junction of Q Thus, current I,=K |I where K,=,,/l(R +R The circuit shown in FIG. is a full wave current sensor wherein I is proportional to the magnitude of the lamp current. If the circuit is designed to operate a lamp with a predetermined wattage of 400 watts, the resistor R has a resistance of 10,000 ohms. This value of resistance can be preselected to vary the average current, and thus the power, at which the lamp 10 is to be operated. Alternatively, R H can be provided with a series of taps so that the wattage at which the lamp 10 will operate can be readily varied to accommodate a plurality of lamp types which are designedto operate at different wattages.

The constant current generator is shown in FIG. 6 and provides a bias for 0-,. The collector current of O is maintained constant in the following manner. The voltage of D1 appears across R and the emitter current of Q; is

D, 4 71) 1 ma.

The multiplier portion of the wattmeter'circuit is shown in FIG. 7. The current I, in 0,, is proportional to the magnitude of the instantaneous lamp current and the current I is proportional to the magnitude of the instantaneous lamp voltage when the AC switch is on." Since the external drains on the collector current of Q; are negligible, the current I in O is equal to the constant current I Owing to the exponential relationship between voltage and current in a forward-biased diode, the product of the currents in Q and Q is proportional to the product of the currents in Q and Q Thus the current in Q, is proportional to the instantaneous value of lamp power. Capacitor C filters this current so that the average current drawn by the collector of Q, is proportional to average load power. The voltage V is equal to the difference of I minus I (average) times the input impedance (R IZOK) of the reset of the circuitry connected to that diode. This is true for a range of V, voltages from I to about 10.5 volts. At 10.5 volts- Zener D starts to conduct and clamps V Thus, for the foregoing voltage range, each voltage corresponds to 'a range of powers. This range is determined by the accuracy of the wattmeter which is about 1 percent. To illustrate if V, is 5 volts and the nominal power for 5 volts is 400 watts, then lamp power will be 400 w. :1 percent when V,=5 volts. Briefly, summarizing the circuit as shown in FIG. 7, the varying signal outputs of the voltage-responsive wattmeter input portion (FIG. 4) and the current-responsive wattmeter input portion (FIG. 5) are combined to generate a varying electric signal (i.e., the voltage across the collector and emitter of serially connected Q and Q which represents the logarithm of the product of the varying signal outputs. This logarithmic signal is fed into the wattmeter output section to generate a signal (the current in Q7) which varies according to the antilogarithm of the varying logarithmic signal. The wattmeter output section also includes a signal averaging means for averaging the antilogarithmic signal to produce a composite signal (V,) which represents the average wattage input to the operating lamp 10 with reference to a desired average wattage. Also, the average wattage" composite signal V, is actually averaged over several half cycles of energizing potential.

LOGIC, TIMING CIRCUIT The timing circuit shown in FIG. 8 consists of components s 4, Q51 018; on, 010, IIv IRr IB! 21 m 24 and R The current I, in R is equal to V less a diode drop divide by R or approximately VJR Since Q has a high beta (about 100), I =I,,. The voltage across CR10 cancels the base emitter voltage of Q and the voltage across R and the combination D R is R b. The current I, therefore equals (R,,/ R I, and the current I is zerofor R l values less than the Zener voltage. For R l values greater than the Zener voltage,

Current I is approximately equal to I; plus I,,. Thus for each DC voltage V.,, there is a unique value of current I see FIG.

9. Current I flows into C, (Q, and Q are "off" as'will be described hereinafter) causing the voltage V, on capacitor C to rise linearly. When V reaches about 8 volts the trigger circuit' Q Q R and R trips in the following manner. At 8 volts, the reverse-biased base-emitter junction of Q avalanchespermitting a current to flow into the base of O This base current allows Q to draw collector current through the base Q and regenerative turn-on occurs. Transistor Q and Q are not turned off until V is reduced to less than a volt or reset to zero. FIG. 9 illustrates a plot of the time necessary for C to charge up to the trigger voltage with respect to the wattmeter output voltage V Resistors R and R prevent O and Q from operating in an open base condition. In summary, the charging rate of C controls the time at which the trigger circuit trips', with the greater the average wattage input to the operating lamp 10, the later the tripping time, and vice versa. The logic-timing circuit, together with the gate drive and zero voltage reset, as described hereinafter, constitute a control signal generating means which is actuated by the composite signal outputof the wattmeter means to generate a con-- trolling signal for closing the AC'switch. This varies the proportion of time the AC switch is closed in accordance with lamp 10 is maintained at about its predetermined desired.

value, for example, 400 watts.

GATE DRIVE Components C C CRIS, CR16, CR17, CRIS, Q11, R R and R form the gate drive circuit shown in FIG. 10. Capacitor C is charged up to about 9 volts by transformer T When the trigger circuit O and Q turn on, base drive is ap plied to Q causing Q to saturate. With 0,, saturated all the voltage across C isapplied to the R, RC network C Ri R and the gate cathode junction of the AC switch. This voltage causes a current to flow out of the gate of the AC switch. This current has an initial peak value of about 4 times the DC value for about 5 to 10 microseconds. The DC drive current is equal to the voltage across C less the cathode to gate voltage of the AC switch, divided by R Gate current is applied while O and Q are on. When C5 and the trigger circuit are reset, gate drive is removed. Resistor R improves the turnoff characteristic of On and prevents Q from operating in an open base condition.

SYNCI-IRONIZING OR ZERO VOLTAGE RESET Since the AC switch is required to be turned on at a specific time in each half cycle, capacitor C must be reset at a'specific time in each half cycle. Moreover, resetting must occur before the current in the AC switch goes to zero or the AC switch will not turn off. In order to satisfy the above requirements. resetting ofC is chosen to occur at line voltage zero This provides a very stable reference which will occur before current zero because of the inductive nature of the power circuitry. This function is performed by components C CRI3, CRI4, Q Q R R R and R as shown in FIG. 11. Resistors R R and R divide the voltage V which is an unfiltered fullwave rectified sine wave. and apply about one-third of V, to the base ofQ As long as V is above about 3 volts. Q15 will be conducting and all the current in R will flow into the collector ofQ When V is below about 3 volts, Q will become nonconducting and the current in R will be allowed to flow through CR14 into the base of When 0 receives base drive, current is allowed to flow from C through R into the collector of O to ground. This current flow decays the voltage across C, to zero in about 200 microseconds. Thus, every time the line voltage goes to zero. Q resets the voltage of C to zero. Capacitor C is used to filter out voltage transients appearing on the line.

WARMUP CURRENT REGULATOR Due to the universal nature of the present phase-controlled ballast, the inductor reactance is sufficiently low (about 27 O.) that during lamp warmup, it would normally pass too much current (about lOA for a 400 watt lamp) at high line voltage. For this reason the logic is designed to maintain the lamp current at a preselected maximum value until the logic begins to regulate power. Components C C CR4, CR24, D2, D7 R R R and Q as shown in Flg. 12 perform this regulating function. The voltage V; at the cathode of CR is equal to l I l (R IIOO), assuming R R (see the description of the transistorized wattmeter). Once this voltage rises above the knee voltage of D any further increase in this voltage V must appear across R The voltage across R causes 0, to conduct a current through R Current I, causes voltage V, to decrease, and as shown in FIG. 9, a decrease in V causes the ballast to phase-back or reduce the conduction time. If the conduction time is reduced, the average voltage across L is reduced and thus I is reduced. Phasing-back continues until an equilibrium condition of the warmup current regulator occurs in which the peak current is reduced to the point where it is just sufficient to enable O to conduct such current as required to maintain V constant at the particular equilibrium value. Capacitor C is used to provide additional filtering of V and components CR24 and R30 are used to isolate C from the wattmeter circuitry when the operating lamp 10 is stabilized and current control is no longer needed. Thus the warmup current regulator is connected to the current responsive wattmeter input portion and also to the output section of the wattmeter. When a maximum predetermined current through the lamp I0 is sensed, a bypass impedance decreases the composite signal output of the wattmeter and limits the maximum current which can pass through the operating lamp 10 during warmup. With this warmup circuit, a typical time required for warmup of the operating lamp 10 is about percent of the total time required with usual lamp ballasts.

PHOTOCONTROL A ballast which is intended for such applications such as street lighting must automatically turn on at an ambient light level of about 1 foot-candle and turn off at an ambient light level of about 5 foot-candles. Shown in FIG. 13 is the photocontrol circuit which performs this function. This circuit consists of components C,, CRll, CR12, Q, Q R R R,,,, R and photocell R If the ambient light level is below 1 foot-candle the photocell resistance is high causing base drive to flow into Q If 0,: is on," then Q, is off" and the ballast is phase controlling as shown in FIGS. 14A and 148. When the illumination level rises to 5 foot-candles, the photocell resistance has dropped to such a low value (about 7000 ohms) that 0, is starved of base drive and is turned off. With 0, off," 0,, receives base driveand is turned on. When Q is "on," voltage V is reduced to about 2 volts and at this level the gate of the AC switch does not receive drive current. With no gate drive to the AC switch the ballast is off. The ballast turns on again when the illumination level drops to about 1 foot-candle. At this level the photocell resistance is about l5,000 ohms and Q1 is turned on" causing Q to become nonconducting. The following formulas can be used to calculate RA at the two switching points:

Ballast; turn-on:

V(emitter Q RR (18v. Venn) cmz- BEQn Ballast turn-off:

The foregoing photocontrol is generally described in the aforementioned copending application Ser. No. 807,71 I, filed concurrently herewith, now abandoned.

HIGH VOLTAGE PULSE RECYCLER The high-pressure sodium-mercury lamp is the most difficult to start. In order to strike such a lamp, the ballast should produce a series of 2500 to 4000 volt pulses of a 10 to 2 microseconds duration until the lamp is struck. The circuit performing this function is shown in FIG. 15 and is constructed from components C CR25, CR26, D O O R R and R When the illumination level drops sufficiently for the photocontrol to switch the ballast to the on" state, V immediately starts rising towards 10.5 volts at a rate of about 0.1 v./ms., as shown in FIG. 16. As V rises, the AC switch turns on at a different phase angle each cycle (see FIG. 16). Every other time the AC switch turns on, a pulse of voltage is produced across the lamp. Each voltage pulse is equal to about 11 times the instantaneous line voltage at that time. These pulses occur only on the half cycle as was discussed in the section POWER CIRCUITRY. If, however, the lamp does not strike before V reaches 10.5 volts, V is reset to about 2 volts and recycled to 10.5 volts. Voltage V should be reset due to the fact that when V,=l0.5 v., the voltage pulse across the lamp is less than 1000 volts. Resetting occurs when V reaches about l0v., the voltage across C rises to about 9.5 v. and D starts to conduct. The current in D flows through R into the base of Q This base current causes Q20 to conduct the current in R away from the base of Q resetting the photocontrol to the off state. With the photocontrol in the off state, Q is on state. With the photocontrol in the off state, Qt iS on and V decays down to about 2 volts. When V drops to about 2 volts the photocontrol changes to the on state and V starts rising towards 10.5 volts. This recycling continues until the lamp strikes. When the lamp is struck, its current produces a voltage of about 12 volts peak across R This 12 volt peak charges C to 12 volts and causes about 30 u a to flow through R into the base of Qua. Transistor Q is thus turned on and all the current in R flows into the collector of 0 Under these conditions, Q does not receive base drive and the photocontrol is no longer reset to the off" state. The lamp current is then regulated by the warmup current regulator until the wattmeter starts to regulate power.

LOW VOLTAGE REGULATOR The voltage regulator circuit shown in FIG. 17 consists of components C D Q and R The voltage V, on C can range anywhere from 20 to 40 volts depending on the line voltage and the turns ratio of transformer T This voltage is then applied across the series circuit R D Due to Zener action the voltage across D. is regulated to 19 volts. Since the base of Q1 is connected directly to D the base voltage of Q must also be 19 volts. Since the emitter of Q can be only about 1 volt below the base of Q V; is thus regulated to 18 v. It will be recognized that the objects of the invention have been achieved by providing a ballast apparatus for starting and operating any of a plurality of different discharge devices having varying voltage and operating characteristics. If desired, the wattage at which the lamps will operate can readily be modified to accommodate different lamp types. The ballast apparatus is readily adapted to operate in conjunction with a solid-state photocontrol.

As an alternative embodiment, the main AC switch could be paralleled by an inductor which would supplement the series inductor to vary the value of impedance, when the switch is open and closed, between two finite values. Also, the switch and series-connected inductor can both be paralleled by an inductor.

In further explanation of the operation of the photocontrol circuit as shown in the graphs of FIGS. 14A and MB, as related to the block diagram as shown in FIG. I, when the resistance of the photocell is low, as is the case during daylight hours, the voltage across V, drops to about 2 volts and the photocell operates" to keep the circuit in an off condition. The voltage across V never reaches the 8 volts required to trigger Q and Q as shown in FIG. 8. In such case, as shown in FIG. 148, the gate current l will always be zero, and the lamp current I will be zero." The supply voltage V remains the same. When the photocontrol is not operating," which permits the apparatus to be in an on condition the apparatus is phase controlling, as shown in FIG. 14A. In this case, when V reaches about 8 volts, O and 0 see FIG. 8, are triggered, which in turn causes the gate current l to flow to the switch S. Lamp current I then flows and the supply voltage V S of course remains constant.

In further explanation of the operation of the starting of a sodium-mercury type lamp, as shown in the graphs of FIG. 16 and as related to the block diagram shown in FIG. 1, if the lamp does not strike initially, the pulse recycler causes V again to rise to volts over a period of many cycles thereby varying the time in each cycle that V, reaches the trigger level to turn on the AC switch S, with the representative voltages which appear across the switch S shown as V in FIG. 16. This recycling is repeated until the lamp 10 is struck.

We claim as our invention:

1. An apparatus for ballasting any of a plurality of discharge devices having varying voltage and current operating characteristics in order to operate a ballasted device at about a predetermined wattage rating, said apparatus comprising:

a. output terminals adapted to have connected thereacross any of said discharge devices, and input terminals adapted to be connected across a source of energizing potential;

b. impedance means forming a part of said apparatus to limit the maximum current therethrough;

c. semiconductor switching means connected between said' input terminals and said output terminals and having a high impedance open position and a low impedance closed position, said semiconductor switching means responsive to a control signal to effect a closing of said semiconductor switching means, and the relative proportion of time said semiconductor switching means is closed varying the average wattage consumed by an operating device connected across said output terminals;

d. wattage-measuring means comprising a semiconductor wattmeter, said wattmeter having a voltage-responsive input portion connected in said apparatus to continuously generate a varying signal which is proportional to the varying voltage developed across said operating device, said wattmeter having a current-responsive input portion connected in said apparatus to continuously generate a varying signal which is proportional to the varying current through said operating device, means for combining said varying signal outputs of said voltage-responsive input portion and said current responsive input portion to generate a varying electric signal which represents the logarithm of the product of said varying signal outputs, said wattmeter having an output section into which said varying logarithmic signal is fed to generate a signal which varies according to the antilogarithm of said varying logarithmic signal, and said wattmeter output section including a signal-averaging means for averaging said varying antilogarithmic signal to produce a composite signal having a magnitude which varies in accordance with the average wattage input to said operating device; and

e. control signal generating means electrically connected to said wattage-measuring means and said switching means to receive and be actuated by said composite averaged signal from said wattage-measuring means and to generate a controlling signal for closing said switching means, said controlling signal varying the relative proportion of time said switching means is closed in accordance with whether said composite averaged signal from said wattage-measuring means indicates an average wattage input to said operating device as equal to that wattage desired, or greater than or less than that wattage desired, to maintain the average wattage input to said operating device at about its predetermined desired value.

2. The apparatus as specified in claim 1, wherein said input terminals are adapted to be connected across a source of AC energizing potential, said impedance means is an inductor, said switching means is an AC switch, and said control signal generating means generates a controlling signal in response to said composite averaged signal from said wattage-measuring means once each half cycle of energizing AC potential.

3. The circuit as specified in claim 2, wherein said wattagemeasuring means measures the wattage input to said operating device throughout each half cycle of AC energizing potential, said composite signal output of said wattage-measuring means comprises a continuing series of signals each succeeding half cycle of AC energizing potential with each signal representing the average wattage input to said operating device during several half cycles of energizing potential, and said control signal generating means is actuated by said composite average signal from said wattage-measuring means during each half cycle of AC energizing potential.

4. The circuit as specified in claim 3, wherein said semiconductor AC switching means is gate controlled and is gated to a closed position by said controlling signal from said control signal generating means once during each half cycle of AC energizing potential.

5. The circuit as specified in claim 4, wherein said semiconductor switching means is gated to a closed position at varying times during each half cycle of energizing potential, said semiconductor switching means being gated to a closed position in a later portion of a half cycle when said composite averaged signal indicates an average wattage input to said operating device greater than desired, and said semiconductor switching means being gated to a closed position in an earlier portion of a half cycle when said composite averaged signal indicates an average wattage input to said operating device less than desired.

6. The apparatus as specified in claim 5, wherein said control signal generating means comprises a timing circuit and a trigger circuit, said timing circuit connected to the output of said wattmeter and said trigger circuit connected to the gate of said AC switch, said timing circuit including a capacitor which is charged at a rate which varies with the magnitude of the composite signal output from saidwattage-measuring means, the charging rate of said capacitor serving to control the point at which said trigger circuit gates said AC switch, with a greater-than'desired wattage input to said operating device causing said AC switch to be gated at a relatively later period of time in each half cycle of energizing potential, and vice versa.

7. The apparatus as specified in claim 6, wherein each time the AC energizing potential passes through zero, a discharging ill circuit is actuated to discharge said capacitor preparatory to being recharged during the next half cycle of energizing potential.

8. The circuit as specified in claim 5, wherein said wattmeter comprises a first transistor having an emitter, base and collector with its base and collector connected, and a second transistor having an emitter, base and collector with its base and collector connected, said transistors connected to each other in series additive relationship, said voltage-responsive input portion of said wattmeter having an output connected across the base and emitter of one of said transistors, said current-responsive input portion of said wattmeter having an output connected across the base and emitter of the other of said transistors, and said serially connected transistors having developed across the unconnected base and emitter thereof a voltage signal which is proportional to the instantaneous value of the log of the product of the current outputs of said voltageresponsive input portion and said current-responsive input portion, an output transistor having an emitter, base and collector, an additional transistor having an emitter, base and collector with the base and collector connected, the base of said additional transistor connected with the emitter of said output transistor, and the base of said output transistor and the emitter of said additional transistor having applied thereacross the voltage output signal of said serially connected transistors, a constant current generator having an output connected to the collector of said output transistor with the resulting current through said output transistor proportional to the instantaneous wattage input to said operating device, and a capacitor connected across the collector and emitter of said output transistor to filter the signal developed thereacross.

9. The apparatus as specified in claim 2, wherein a warmup current regulator for said device is connected to said currentresponsive input portion and also to the output section of said wattmeter, said warmup current regulator having a maximum current detector portion which is responsive to a maximum predetermined current passing through said operating device to actuate a signal bypass impedance to decrease the composite signal output of said wattage-measuring means and limit the current which can pass through said operating device during warmup thereof to said predetermined maximum.

10. An apparatus for ballasting a discharge device having varying voltage and current operating characteristics in order to operate the ballasted device at about a predetermined wattage rating, said apparatus comprising:

a. output terminals adapted to have connected thereacross said discharge device, and input terminals adapted to be connected across a source of energizing potential;

b. impedance means forming a part of said apparatus to limit the maximum current therethrough;

c. switching means connected between said input terminals and said output terminals and having a high impedance open position and a low impedance closed position, said switching means responsive to a control signal to effect a closing thereof, and the relative proportion of time said switching means is closed varying the average wattage consumed by an operating device connected across said output terminals;

d. wattage-measuring means having a voltage-responsive input portion connected in said apparatus to generate a varying signal which is proportional to the varying voltage developed across said operating device, said wattagemeasuring means having a current-responsive input portion connected in said apparatus to generate a varying signal which is proportional to the varying current through said operating device, means for multiplying said varying signal outputs of said voltage-responsive input portion and said current responsive input portion to produce a composite signal having a magnitude which varies in accordance with the average wattage input to said operating device; and control signal generating means electrically connected to said wattage-measuring means and said switching means to receive and be actuated by said composite signal from said wattage-measuring means and to generate a controlling signal for closing said switching means, said controlling signal varying the relative proportion of time said switching means is closed in accordance with whether said composite signal from said wattage-measuring means indicates an average wattage input to said operating device as equal to that wattage desired, or greater than or less than that wattage desired, to maintain the average wattage input to said operating device at about its predetermined desired value. 

1. An apparatus for ballasting any of a plurality of discharge devices having varying voltage and current operating characteristics in order to operate a ballasted device at about a predetermined wattage rating, said apparatus comprising: a. output terminals adapted to have connected thereacross any of said discharge devices, and input terminals adapted to be connected across a source of Energizing potential; b. impedance means forming a part of said apparatus to limit the maximum current therethrough; c. semiconductor switching means connected between said input terminals and said output terminals and having a high impedance open position and a low impedance closed position, said semiconductor switching means responsive to a control signal to effect a closing of said semiconductor switching means, and the relative proportion of time said semiconductor switching means is closed varying the average wattage consumed by an operating device connected across said output terminals; d. wattage-measuring means comprising a semiconductor wattmeter, said wattmeter having a voltage-responsive input portion connected in said apparatus to continuously generate a varying signal which is proportional to the varying voltage developed across said operating device, said wattmeter having a currentresponsive input portion connected in said apparatus to continuously generate a varying signal which is proportional to the varying current through said operating device, means for combining said varying signal outputs of said voltageresponsive input portion and said current responsive input portion to generate a varying electric signal which represents the logarithm of the product of said varying signal outputs, said wattmeter having an output section into which said varying logarithmic signal is fed to generate a signal which varies according to the antilogarithm of said varying logarithmic signal, and said wattmeter output section including a signalaveraging means for averaging said varying antilogarithmic signal to produce a composite signal having a magnitude which varies in accordance with the average wattage input to said operating device; and e. control signal generating means electrically connected to said wattage-measuring means and said switching means to receive and be actuated by said composite averaged signal from said wattage-measuring means and to generate a controlling signal for closing said switching means, said controlling signal varying the relative proportion of time said switching means is closed in accordance with whether said composite averaged signal from said wattage-measuring means indicates an average wattage input to said operating device as equal to that wattage desired, or greater than or less than that wattage desired, to maintain the average wattage input to said operating device at about its predetermined desired value.
 2. The apparatus as specified in claim 1, wherein said input terminals are adapted to be connected across a source of AC energizing potential, said impedance means is an inductor, said switching means is an AC switch, and said control signal generating means generates a controlling signal in response to said composite averaged signal from said wattage-measuring means once each half cycle of energizing AC potential.
 3. The circuit as specified in claim 2, wherein said wattage-measuring means measures the wattage input to said operating device throughout each half cycle of AC energizing potential, said composite signal output of said wattage-measuring means comprises a continuing series of signals each succeeding half cycle of AC energizing potential with each signal representing the average wattage input to said operating device during several half cycles of energizing potential, and said control signal generating means is actuated by said composite average signal from said wattage-measuring means during each half cycle of AC energizing potential.
 4. The circuit as specified in claim 3, wherein said semiconductor AC switching means is gate controlled and is gated to a closed position by said controlling signal from said control signal generating means once during each half cycle of AC energizing potential.
 5. The circuit as specified in claim 4, wherein said semiconductor switching means is gated to a closed position at varying times during each half cycle of energizing potential, said semicOnductor switching means being gated to a closed position in a later portion of a half cycle when said composite averaged signal indicates an average wattage input to said operating device greater than desired, and said semiconductor switching means being gated to a closed position in an earlier portion of a half cycle when said composite averaged signal indicates an average wattage input to said operating device less than desired.
 6. The apparatus as specified in claim 5, wherein said control signal generating means comprises a timing circuit and a trigger circuit, said timing circuit connected to the output of said wattmeter and said trigger circuit connected to the gate of said AC switch, said timing circuit including a capacitor which is charged at a rate which varies with the magnitude of the composite signal output from said wattage-measuring means, the charging rate of said capacitor serving to control the point at which said trigger circuit gates said AC switch, with a greater-than-desired wattage input to said operating device causing said AC switch to be gated at a relatively later period of time in each half cycle of energizing potential, and vice versa.
 7. The apparatus as specified in claim 6, wherein each time the AC energizing potential passes through zero, a discharging circuit is actuated to discharge said capacitor preparatory to being recharged during the next half cycle of energizing potential.
 8. The circuit as specified in claim 5, wherein said wattmeter comprises a first transistor having an emitter, base and collector with its base and collector connected, and a second transistor having an emitter, base and collector with its base and collector connected, said transistors connected to each other in series additive relationship, said voltage-responsive input portion of said wattmeter having an output connected across the base and emitter of one of said transistors, said current-responsive input portion of said wattmeter having an output connected across the base and emitter of the other of said transistors, and said serially connected transistors having developed across the unconnected base and emitter thereof a voltage signal which is proportional to the instantaneous value of the log of the product of the current outputs of said voltage-responsive input portion and said current-responsive input portion, an output transistor having an emitter, base and collector, an additional transistor having an emitter, base and collector with the base and collector connected, the base of said additional transistor connected with the emitter of said output transistor, and the base of said output transistor and the emitter of said additional transistor having applied thereacross the voltage output signal of said serially connected transistors, a constant current generator having an output connected to the collector of said output transistor with the resulting current through said output transistor proportional to the instantaneous wattage input to said operating device, and a capacitor connected across the collector and emitter of said output transistor to filter the signal developed thereacross.
 9. The apparatus as specified in claim 2, wherein a warmup current regulator for said device is connected to said current-responsive input portion and also to the output section of said wattmeter, said warmup current regulator having a maximum current detector portion which is responsive to a maximum predetermined current passing through said operating device to actuate a signal bypass impedance to decrease the composite signal output of said wattage-measuring means and limit the current which can pass through said operating device during warmup thereof to said predetermined maximum.
 10. An apparatus for ballasting a discharge device having varying voltage and current operating characteristics in order to operate the ballasted device at about a predetermined wattage rating, said apparatus comprising: a. output terminals adapted to have connected thereacRoss said discharge device, and input terminals adapted to be connected across a source of energizing potential; b. impedance means forming a part of said apparatus to limit the maximum current therethrough; c. switching means connected between said input terminals and said output terminals and having a high impedance open position and a low impedance closed position, said switching means responsive to a control signal to effect a closing thereof, and the relative proportion of time said switching means is closed varying the average wattage consumed by an operating device connected across said output terminals; d. wattage-measuring means having a voltage-responsive input portion connected in said apparatus to generate a varying signal which is proportional to the varying voltage developed across said operating device, said wattage-measuring means having a current-responsive input portion connected in said apparatus to generate a varying signal which is proportional to the varying current through said operating device, means for multiplying said varying signal outputs of said voltage-responsive input portion and said current responsive input portion to produce a composite signal having a magnitude which varies in accordance with the average wattage input to said operating device; and e. control signal generating means electrically connected to said wattage-measuring means and said switching means to receive and be actuated by said composite signal from said wattage-measuring means and to generate a controlling signal for closing said switching means, said controlling signal varying the relative proportion of time said switching means is closed in accordance with whether said composite signal from said wattage-measuring means indicates an average wattage input to said operating device as equal to that wattage desired, or greater than or less than that wattage desired, to maintain the average wattage input to said operating device at about its predetermined desired value. 